Soon after, Antoine Nicolas Duchesne began to study the breeding of strawberries and made several discoveries crucial to the science of plant breeding, such as the sexual reproduction of the strawberry which he published in 1766. chiloensis, the Chilean strawberry would bear abundant and unusually large fruits. virginiana were planted in between rows of F. French gardeners in Brest and Cherbourg around the mid-18th century first noticed that when F. At first introduction to Europe, the plants grew vigorously, but produced no fruit. In 1765, a European explorer recorded the cultivation of F. The Mapuche and Huilliche Indians of Chile cultivated the female strawberry species until 1551, when the Spanish came to conquer the land. A French excursion journeyed to Chile in 1712, which led to the introduction of a strawberry plant with female flowers that resulted in the common strawberry. The new species gradually spread through the continent and did not become completely appreciated until the end of the 18th century. virginiana from eastern North America to Europe in the 17th century is an important part of history because it is one of the two species that gave rise to the modern strawberry. The garden strawberry was transplanted from the forests and then the plants would be propagated asexually by cutting off the runners. By the end of the 16th century three European species had been cited: F. Instructions for growing and harvesting strawberries showed up in writing in 1578. The combination of strawberries and cream was created by Thomas Wolsey in the court of King Henry VIII. In England the demand for regular strawberry farming had increased by the mid-16th century. People began using it for its supposed medicinal properties and botanists began naming the different species. The entire strawberry plant was used to treat depressive illnesses.īy the 16th century, references of cultivation of the strawberry became more common. The strawberry is found in Italian, Flemish, and German art, and in English miniatures.
In the early 15th century western European monks were using the wild strawberry in their illuminated manuscripts. Charles V, France's king from 1364 to 1380, had 1,200 strawberry plants in his royal garden. The French began taking the strawberry from the forest to their gardens for harvest in the 14th century. The strawberry fruit was mentioned in ancient Roman literature in reference to its medicinal use. Prior to this, wild strawberries and cultivated selections from wild strawberry species were the common source of the fruit. The first garden strawberry was grown in Brittany, France, during the late 18th century.
In 2019, world production of strawberries was 9 million tonnes, led by China with 40% of the total.įragaria × ananassa 'Gariguette,' a cultivar grown in southern France Each apparent "seed" ( achene) on the outside of the fruit is actually one of the ovaries of the flower, with a seed inside it. Technically, it is an aggregate accessory fruit, meaning that the fleshy part is derived not from the plant's ovaries but from the receptacle that holds the ovaries.
The strawberry is not, from a botanical point of view, a berry. Cultivars of Fragaria × ananassa have replaced, in commercial production, the woodland strawberry ( Fragaria vesca), which was the first strawberry species cultivated in the early 17th century. The garden strawberry was first bred in Brittany, France, in the 1750s via a cross of Fragaria virginiana from eastern North America and Fragaria chiloensis, which was brought from Chile by Amédée-François Frézier in 1714. Artificial strawberry flavorings and aromas are also widely used in products such as candy, soap, lip gloss, perfume, and many others. It is consumed in large quantities, either fresh or in such prepared foods as jam, juice, pies, ice cream, milkshakes, and chocolates. The fruit is widely appreciated for its characteristic aroma, bright red color, juicy texture, and sweetness. The garden strawberry (or simply strawberry Fragaria × ananassa) is a widely grown hybrid species of the genus Fragaria, collectively known as the strawberries, which are cultivated worldwide for their fruit.
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